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This chapter is from the book

Troubleshooting Name Resolution Problems

Troubleshoot host name resolution.

  • Diagnose and resolve issues related to DNS services.
  • Diagnose and resolve issues related to client computer configuration.

Troubleshooting name resolution is a sometimes tricky art that you may well need to master. Fortunately, Windows Server 2003 provides a wealth of tools that you can use to quickly determine and correct the cause of the problems at hand. You have five basic tools at your disposal when it comes to troubleshooting name resolution issues:

  • ipconfig

  • ping

  • nbtstat

  • tracert

  • pathping

  • nslookup

We will briefly examine the use of each of these tools in the following sections.

ipconfig

The first, and easiest, step in troubleshooting any TCP/IP–related network problem is to gather information about the computer on which the problem is occurring or has been reported. The ipconfig command makes this process easy. To get a complete report of the computer's IP configuration properties, enter the ipconfig/all command at the command line. A typical output might look something like that shown here:

c:\>ipconfig/all

Windows IP Configuration

  Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : a51svr3142
  Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . .  . : lab1.area51partners.com
  Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid
  IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : Yes
  WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
  DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : lab1.area51partners.com
                                      area51partners.com

Ethernet adapter Cluster:
  Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected
  Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Linksys LNE100TX
  Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 02-BF-0A-00-00-01

Ethernet adapter Administration:
  Connection-specific DNS Suffix .  :
  Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Realtek RTL8139
  Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-E0-7D-C1-3E-70
  DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No
  IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.123
  Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
  Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
  DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.240
                                      192.168.0.100
  Primary WINS Server . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.240
  Secondary WINS Server . . . . . . : 192.168.0.241

You can learn several key pieces of information about your computer's network connections just from examining the output of the ipconfig/all command. First, the top of the output tells you the hostname and domain that the computer belongs to as well as the DNS suffixes that have been configured for the computer. Note that additional connection-specific DNS suffixes are listed later in the detail. Moving down to the first network connection, Cluster, notice that its status is shown as Media disconnected, which means that either the network cable is disconnected at one or both ends or that the device the cable is attached to (a switch or hub) is not powered on. This might be your first sign of a problem.

The second network connection, Administration, shows the full gamut of information that can be gleaned from the ipconfig/all command, including whether DHCP is enabled for the adapter, the IP address assigned, the default gateway (always a prime concern when problems arise with computers on different subnets), and other critical information including the IP addresses for the DNS servers in use by the network connection. All this information can be used to identify where the problem lies by determining simply "what doesn't look right." Usually, the problem jumps right out at you after you start to look around for it.

You also can use the ipconfig command to display and purge the contents of the local DNS resolver cache, as shown in the following output:

c:\>ipconfig/displaydns

Windows IP Configuration
  1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa
  ----------------------------------------
  Record Name . . . . . : 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.
  Record Type . . . . . : 12
  Time To Live . . .  . : 276808
  Data Length . . . . . : 4
  Section . . . . . . . : Answer
  PTR Record . . . .  . : localhost

  a51svr3042.lab1.area51partners.com
  ----------------------------------------
  Record Name . . . . . : A51SVR3042.lab1.area51partners.com
  Record Type . . . . . : 1
  Time To Live .  . . . : 2721
  Data Length . . . . . : 4
  Section . . . . . . . : Answer
  A (Host) Record . . . : 192.168.0.240

  Record Name . . . . . : A51SVR3042.lab1.area51partners.com
  Record Type . . . . . : 1
  Time To Live . .  . . : 2721
  Data Length . . . . . : 4
  Section . . . . . . . : Answer
  A (Host) Record . . . : 10.0.0.10

  Record Name . . . . . : A51SVR3042.lab1.area51partners.com
  Record Type . . . . . : 1
  Time To Live . .  . . : 2721
  Data Length . . . . . : 4
  Section . . . . . . . : Answer
  A (Host) Record . . . : 10.0.0.1

c:\>ipconfig/flushdns

Windows IP Configuration
Successfully flushed the DNS Resolver Cache.

c:\>ipconfig/displaydns

Windows IP Configuration
  1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa
  ----------------------------------------
  Record Name . . . . . : 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.
  Record Type . . . . . : 12
  Time To Live . .  . . : 276751
  Data Length . . . . . : 4
  Section . . . . . . . : Answer
  PTR Record . . .  . . : localhost

  localhost
  ----------------------------------------
  Record Name . . . . . : localhost
  Record Type . . . . . : 1
  Time To Live .  . . . : 276751
  Data Length . . . . . : 4
  Section . . . . . . . : Answer
  A (Host) Record . . . : 127.0.0.1

This command can be helpful in situations in which the local DNS cache is corrupt or contains invalid information. This cache will rebuild itself over time as the computer queries DNS servers.

ping

The ping command is practically as old as TCP/IP networking itself. You can use the ping command to test basic network connectivity between two computers, over local and remote networks. The basic syntax of the ping command looks something like ping computerIP or ping HostName. This command causes Windows to send four special Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packets to the remote computer that are then returned to the local computer. You can instruct Windows to send a continuous stream of ping packets by using the ping -t command. Using the ping -a command specifies that name resolution is to be performed during the ping process.

NOTE

The story of ping If you want to see the history of the ping command and learn some other interesting ping-related trivia, be sure to visit the page of the late Mike Muuss, creator of the ping application. You can find it located at http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/ping.html.

You can see the standard output of the ping command here without the use of any modifying switches:

C:\>ping mcseworld.com

Pinging mcseworld.com [207.44.182.13] with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 207.44.182.13: bytes=32 time=57ms TTL=46
Reply from 207.44.182.13: bytes=32 time=53ms TTL=46
Reply from 207.44.182.13: bytes=32 time=52ms TTL=46
Reply from 207.44.182.13: bytes=32 time=51ms TTL=46

Ping statistics for 207.44.182.13:
  Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
  Minimum = 51ms, Maximum = 57ms, Average = 53ms

Note, however, that some remote firewalls and routers have been configured to block ICMP packets (once commonly used to stage Denial of Service attacks), and you might see output like this:

C:\>ping microsoft.com

Pinging microsoft.com [207.46.245.222] with 32 bytes of data:

Request timed out.
Request timed out.
Request timed out.
Request timed out.

Ping statistics for 207.46.245.222:
  Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 0, Lost = 4 (100% loss)

You can also test the TCP/IP stack on the local network adapter by using the ping loopback or ping 127.0.0.1 command, as shown here:

C:\>ping loopback

Pinging a51svr3142.lab1.area51partners.com [127.0.0.1] with 32
bytes of data:

Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128

Ping statistics for 127.0.0.1:
  Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
  Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms

If pinging the loopback address works, but you cannot successfully ping an outside address, you might try pinging the default gateway for the specific computer. How do you know what the default gateway is? Look back at the output of the ipconfig/all command to gather this information. Pinging the default gateway's IP address lets you know if any problems you are having are being caused by the default gateway itself. Of course, the ipconfig/all command shows only the private IP address of the default gateway; you also need to know and ping the public IP address of publicly addressable gateways, such as border routers and firewalls.

nbtstat

If your problem seems to be WINS and NetBT specific, you might consider using the nbtstat command to gather information and troubleshoot the problem at hand. nbtstat can be used to display the local NetBIOS table on the computer, display the content of the local NetBIOS cache on the computer, or even purge the local NetBIOS cache.

You can use several different switches with nbtstat to determine how it returns information to you. Using the nbtstat -n command returns the local NetBIOS name table, as shown here:

C:\>nbtstat -n

Cluster:
Node IpAddress: [0.0.0.0] Scope Id: []
  No names in cache

Administration:
Node IpAddress: [192.168.0.123] Scope Id: []
        NetBIOS Local Name Table
    Name            Type       Status
  ---------------------------------------------
  A51SVR3142   <00> UNIQUE   Registered
  LAB1         <00> GROUP    Registered
  A51SVR3142   <20> UNIQUE   Registered
  LAB1         <1E> GROUP    Registered

If you need to list the contents of the NetBIOS name cache, use the nbtstat -c command to produce the following output:

C:\>nbtstat -c

Cluster:
Node IpAddress: [0.0.0.0] Scope Id: []
  No names in cache

Administration:
Node IpAddress: [192.168.0.123] Scope Id: []
         NetBIOS Remote Cache Name Table

    Name              Type        Host Address  Life [sec]
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  A51SVR3042.LAB1<2E> UNIQUE     192.168.0.240    525
  A51SVR3042     <20> UNIQUE     192.168.0.240    97
  W2KSVR001      <00> UNIQUE     192.168.0.101    537

To examine the NetBIOS name table of a remote computer, use the nbtstat -a RemoteComputerName command to produce the following output:

C:\>nbtstat -a a51svr3042

Cluster:
Node IpAddress: [0.0.0.0] Scope Id: []
  Host not found.

Administration:
Node IpAddress: [192.168.0.123] Scope Id: []
      NetBIOS Remote Machine Name Table

    Name            Type        Status
  ---------------------------------------------
  A51SVR3042     <00> UNIQUE   Registered
  LAB1           <00> GROUP    Registered
  LAB1           <1C> GROUP    Registered
  A51SVR3042     <20> UNIQUE   Registered
  LAB1           <1B> UNIQUE   Registered
  LAB1           <1E> GROUP    Registered
  LAB1           <1D> UNIQUE   Registered
  ..__MSBROWSE__.<01> GROUP    Registered

  MAC Address = 00-E0-7D-C1-3E-0E

To display a listing of client and server connections, use the nbtstat -s command to produce the following output:

C:\>nbtstat -s

Cluster:
Node IpAddress: [0.0.0.0] Scope Id: []

  No Connections

Administration:
Node IpAddress: [192.168.0.123] Scope Id: []

           NetBIOS Connection Table

  Local Name    State   In/Out Remote Host   Input  Output

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

  A51SVR3142 <00> Connected Out   W2KSVR001 <20>  97MB  92MB

You can also clear the contents of the cache and reload it from the LMHOSTS file by using the nbtstat -R command. You must use an uppercase R in this command. To release and subsequently refresh name records on a WINS server, issue the nbtstat -RR command.

tracert

tracert is another of the old standby tools that network administrations have grown to love over time. tracert routes tracing from the source to the destination, showing all intermediate hops (routers) that are used to forward and deliver the packets to their destination. As well, tracert calculates how long each hop takes. The basic use of tracert yields output like the following:

C:\>tracert mcseworld.com

Tracing route to mcseworld.com [207.44.182.13]
over a maximum of 30 hops:

 1  16 ms  13 ms  22 ms ip68-0-16-1.hr.hr.cox.net [68.0.16.1]
 2  74 ms  47 ms  19 ms 68.10.8.41
 3  19 ms  14 ms  16 ms nrfksysr02-atm151103.hr.hr.cox.net
    [68.10.8.53]
 4  16 ms  14 ms  35 ms nrfkdsrc02-gew0304.rd.hr.cox.net
    [68.10.14.17]
 5  17 ms  18 ms  12 ms nrfkbbrc02-pos0101.rd.hr.cox.net
    [68.1.0.26]
 6  18 ms  18 ms  18 ms nrfkdsrc02-gew03010999.rd.hr.cox.net
    [68.1.0.31]
 7  27 ms  24 ms  18 ms ashbbbpc01pos0100.r2.as.cox.net
    [68.1.1.19]
 8  23 ms  16 ms  28 ms 68.105.30.70
 9  60 ms  53 ms  61 ms hrndva1wcx2-pos0-0.wcg.net [64.200.89.1]
10  80 ms  54 ms  61 ms drvlga1wcx2-pos4-0.wcg.net
    [64.200.232.125]
11  60 ms  51 ms  54 ms drvlga1wcx1-oc48.wcg.net [64.200.127.49]
12  53 ms  61 ms  56 ms dllstx1wcx3-oc48.wcg.net [64.200.240.21]
13  62 ms  61 ms  58 ms dllstx1wcx2-pos10-0.wcg.net
    [64.200.110.133]
14  63 ms  56 ms  58 ms hstntx1wce2-pos4-0.wcg.net
    [64.200.240.74]
15  124 ms  67 ms  56 ms
   hstntx1wce2-everyonesinternet-gige.wcg.net [65.77.93.54]
16  74 ms  55 ms  55 ms 39.ev1.net [207.218.245.39]
17  62 ms  56 ms  56 ms http://www.mcseworld.com [207.44.182.13]

Trace complete.

pathping

The pathping command is a new tool first introduced in Windows 2000 that combines the capabilities of ping and tracert into one tool. pathping is used to gather information about network latency and network loss at the intermediate hops between the source and destination. It accomplishes this by sending multiple ICMP messages to each router between the source and destination over a period of time and then computing results based on the packets returned from each router. pathping can thus be used to quickly determine the operational status of each router or subnet the packets must cross. A pathping output is presented here:

C:\>pathping mcseworld.com

Tracing route to mcseworld.com [207.44.182.13]
over a maximum of 30 hops:
 0 a51svr3142.lab1.area51partners.com [192.168.0.123]
 1 ip68-0-16-1.hr.hr.cox.net [68.0.16.1]
 2 ip68-0-16-1.hr.hr.cox.net [68.0.16.1]
 3 nrfksysr02-atm151103.hr.hr.cox.net [68.10.8.53]
 4 nrfkdsrc02-gew0304.rd.hr.cox.net [68.10.14.17]
 5 nrfkbbrc02-pos0101.rd.hr.cox.net [68.1.0.26]
 6 nrfkdsrc02-gew03010999.rd.hr.cox.net [68.1.0.31]
 7 ashbbbpc01pos0100.r2.as.cox.net [68.1.1.19]
 8 68.105.30.70
 9 hrndva1wcx2-pos0-0.wcg.net [64.200.89.1]
10 drvlga1wcx2-pos4-0.wcg.net [64.200.232.125]
11 drvlga1wcx1-oc48.wcg.net [64.200.127.49]
12 dllstx1wcx3-oc48.wcg.net [64.200.240.21]
13 dllstx1wcx2-pos10-0.wcg.net [64.200.110.133]
14 hstntx1wce2-pos4-0.wcg.net [64.200.240.74]
15 hstntx1wce2-everyonesinternet-gige.wcg.net [65.77.93.54]
16 39.ev1.net [207.218.245.39]
17 host6.wfdns.com [207.44.182.13]

Computing statistics for 425 seconds...
      Source to Here  This Node/Link
Hop RTT  Lost/Sent = Pct Lost/Sent = Pct Address
 0                      a51svr3142.lab1. 
area51partners.com [192.168.0.123] 0/ 100 = 0% | 1 22ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% ip68-0-16-1.hr.hr.
cox.net [68.0.16.1] 0/ 100 = 0% | 2 22ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% ip68-0-16-1.hr.hr.
cox.net [68.0.16.1] 0/ 100 = 0% | 3 17ms 18/ 100 = 18% 18/ 100 = 18% nrfksysr02-
atm151103.hr.hr.cox.net [68.10.8.53] 0/ 100 = 0% | 4 20ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% nrfkdsrc02-
gew0304.rd.hr.cox.net [68.10.14.17] 0/ 100 = 0% | 5 17ms 1/ 100 = 1% 1/ 100 = 1% nrfkbbrc02-
pos0101.rd.hr.cox.net [68.1.0.26] 0/ 100 = 0% | 6 23ms 2/ 100 = 2% 2/ 100 = 2% nrfkdsrc02-
gew03010999.rd.hr.cox.net [68.1.0.31] 0/ 100 = 0% | 7 26ms 1/ 100 = 1% 1/ 100 = 1%
ashbbbpc01pos0100.r2.as.cox.net [68.1.1.19] 0/ 100 = 0% | 8 24ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% 68.105.30.70 0/ 100 = 0% | 9 23ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% hrndva1wcx2-pos0-0.wcg.net
[64.200.89.1] 0/ 100 = 0% | 10 35ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% drvlga1wcx2-pos4-0.wcg.net
[64.200.232.125] 0/ 100 = 0% | 11 35ms 1/ 100 = 1% 1/ 100 = 1% drvlga1wcx1-oc48.wcg.net
[64.200.127.49] 0/ 100 = 0% | 12 53ms 1/ 100 = 1% 1/ 100 = 1% dllstx1wcx3-oc48.wcg.net
[64.200.240.21] 0/ 100 = 0% | 13 52ms 2/ 100 = 2% 2/ 100 = 2% dllstx1wcx2-pos10-0.wcg.net
[64.200.110.133] 0/ 100 = 0% | 14 58ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% hstntx1wce2-pos4-0.wcg.net
[64.200.240.74] 0/ 100 = 0% | 15 59ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% hstntx1wce2-
everyonesinternet-gige.wcg.net [65.77.93.54] 0/ 100 = 0% | 16 58ms 1/ 100 = 1% 1/ 100 = 1% 39.ev1.net [207.218.245.39] 0/ 100 = 0% | 17 59ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% mcseworld.com
[207.44.182.13] Trace complete.

As you can see from this pathping output, the network connectivity between source and destination is overall very good. The only (small) problem appears to be that the router located at 68.10.8.53 is dropping about 18% of the packets sent to it; this, however, does not appear to be adversely affecting the transmission as a whole.

nslookup

The nslookup command can be used to look up and display information for troubleshooting DNS issues. nslookup, however, is not a simple tool that you can jump right into with a fair amount of DNS knowledge. Unlike other troubleshooting tools, nslookup has an interactive and noninteractive usage mode—much the same as the netsh command.

When looking up a single item, you would be best off using the noninteractive mode by issuing a command similar to the following:

nslookup mcseworld.com 192.168.0.100

In this example, the first parameter specifies the DNS name or IP address of the computer you want to look up, and the second parameter specifies the DNS name or IP address of the DNS server you want to use. If you do not specify a DNS server, the default DNS server for the requesting computer will be used. This sample nslookup query might return a result such as this:

U:\>nslookup mcseworld.com 192.168.0.100
Server: w2ksvr001.dontpanic.local
Address: 192.168.0.100

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:  mcseworld.com
Address: 207.44.182.13

If you need to look up multiple pieces of information or more complex information, such as information about specific resource records contained in a zone, you need to use nslookup in interactive mode. You can see how interactive mode can be used to gain more advanced information, such as the list of all name servers (NS resource record) and mail exchangers (MX resource record) for the microsoft.com zone.

U:\>nslookup
Default Server: w2ksvr001.dontpanic.local
Address: 192.168.0.100

> server ns2.hr.cox.net
Default Server: ns2.hr.cox.net
Address: 68.10.16.25

> set type=ns
> microsoft.com
Server: ns2.hr.cox.net
Address: 68.10.16.25

Non-authoritative answer:
microsoft.com  nameserver = dns1.tk.msft.net
microsoft.com  nameserver = dns3.uk.msft.net
microsoft.com  nameserver = dns1.cp.msft.net
microsoft.com  nameserver = dns1.sj.msft.net

dns1.cp.msft.net    internet address = 207.46.138.20
dns1.sj.msft.net    internet address = 65.54.248.222
dns1.tk.msft.net    internet address = 207.46.245.230
dns3.uk.msft.net    internet address = 213.199.144.151
> set type=mx
> microsoft.com
Server: ns2.hr.cox.net
Address: 68.10.16.25

:
microsoft.com  MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mailb.microsoft.com
microsoft.com  MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mailc.microsoft.com
microsoft.com  MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = maila.microsoft.com

microsoft.com  nameserver = dns1.cp.msft.net
microsoft.com  nameserver = dns1.sj.msft.net
microsoft.com  nameserver = dns1.tk.msft.net
microsoft.com  nameserver = dns3.uk.msft.net
maila.microsoft.com   internet address = 131.107.3.124
maila.microsoft.com   internet address = 131.107.3.125
mailb.microsoft.com   internet address = 131.107.3.123
mailb.microsoft.com   internet address = 131.107.3.122
mailc.microsoft.com   internet address = 131.107.3.121
mailc.microsoft.com   internet address = 131.107.3.126
dns1.cp.msft.net      internet address = 207.46.138.20
dns1.sj.msft.net      internet address = 65.54.248.222
dns1.tk.msft.net      internet address = 207.46.245.230
dns3.uk.msft.net      internet address = 213.199.144.151
>

The Non-authoritative answer label indicates that this information was retrieved from the selected DNS server's local cache and was not directly queried as a result of the nslookup query.

You can exit interactive mode at any time by typing exit.

The nslookup command has an extremely large feature set, too large to do justice to it here in this space. You can get more information on the full use and functionality of nslookup at http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windowsserver2003/proddocs/standard/nslookup.asp.

Case Study

Essence of the Case

Following are the essential elements in this case:

  • You will need to plan a new DNS namespace that meets the requirements outlined by the CEO and CIO.

  • You will need to use a delegated namespace to provide the required results.

  • Secure dynamic updates in an Active Directory–integrated zone will be required to provide the DNS data protection required while still allowing clients to update their IP address information in DNS.

  • Conditional forwarding will be configured to forward all name resolution requests for the ricksrockets.com domain to the external DNS servers provided by the ISP.

Scenario

Rick's Rockets is a leading manufacturer of toy rocket kits. Rick's currently owns the ricksrockets.com domain name and uses its ISP to host its Web, FTP, and email services through that domain name. Rick's current internal network is extremely decentralized and disorganized and is actually still functioning as a Windows 2000 workgroup. All workstations are Windows 2000 Professional, and all servers are Windows 2000 Advanced Server.

You have been hired by Rick, the CEO of Rick's Rockets, to plan and implement a completely new network infrastructure to include an internal DNS namespace to support the rollout of Windows Server 2003 and Active Directory. Rick's Rockets will not be purchasing any additional publicly accessible domain names. Rick's will be upgrading its Windows 2000 Advanced Server licenses to Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition licenses to support the new network plan.

Roger, the CIO of Rick's Rockets, has informed you that he wants the new internal DNS namespace to be easy for users to remember but to provide complete isolation from the external DNS namespace. Internal clients should be allowed to resolve IP addresses for external resources, but external clients should not be able to resolve IP addresses for internal resources. All clients should automatically update their IP addresses in DNS, and DNS should accept updates only from authorized clients to increase security of the internal DNS servers. The internal DNS servers should not be able to resolve external IP addresses directly but should provide forwarding to the external DNS servers maintained by Rick's ISP.

Analysis

You propose to create a delegated namespace, such as corp.ricksrockets.com for the internal network. It will provide an easy-to-remember namespace for users while still isolating the internal network from the external network.

If you create Active Directory–integrated zones using secure dynamic updates, all Windows 2000 workstation clients will be able to automatically update their DNS information after receiving a DHCP lease. Secure dynamic updates also prevent unauthorized clients from polluting the DNS data with bad information.

By configuring conditional forwarding for the ricksrockets.com zone, you can ensure that all name resolution requests are performed as quickly as possible for your clients without having to host the zone on your internal DNS servers.

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Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites; develop new products and services; conduct educational research; and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by Adobe Press. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.pearsonitcertification.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020