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NCLEX-PN Exam Prep, 3rd Edition
- By Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd
- Published Dec 9, 2014 by Pearson IT Certification. Part of the Exam Prep series.
Book
- Sorry, this book is no longer in print.
About
Features
- Comprehensive topical learning for all NCLEX-PN test areas, from care of physical and psychiatric disorders to cultural and legal issues
- Includes 530 exam questions and Answer Rationales within the book itself, plus an test engine on CD-ROM
- Presents expert test-taking and study strategies designed to improve readiness and alleviate anxiety
Description
- Copyright 2015
- Dimensions: 8-3/8" x 10-7/8"
- Edition: 3rd
- Book
- ISBN-10: 0-7897-5313-8
- ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-5313-7
Score Higher on the NCLEX-PN® Exam!
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The CD-ROM—based practice exam includes an interactive test engine for a realistic exam experience with 645 questions.
- Study Tips like the advice and instruction that a personal tutor might provide
- Notes, Tips, and Cautions provide you with hints and strategies that will help you reduce your mistakes on the exam
- Comprehensive discussion of all subject areas covered on the NCLEX-PN® Exam
- Practice Questions that include detailed explanations of correct and incorrect answers–so you can learn the material from your success and mistakes
COMPREHENSIVE! Succeed with comprehensive learning and practice tests
- Master the NCLEX-PN® exam materials in all tested subject areas
- Prepare with four comprehensive practice tests
- Analyze your test readiness and areas for further study with topic-focused chapter tests
- CD-ROM—based practice exam includes an interactive test engine for a meaningful exam experience with approximately 645 questions
- Learn important test-taking strategies to maximize your score and diminish your anxiety
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NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® are registered trademarks of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN), which does not sponsor or endorse this product.
Sample Content
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NCLEX-PN Exam Prep: Care of the Client with Immunological Disorders
Sample Pages
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Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Instructional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Extensive Practice Test Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Final Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Other Valuable Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
About the NCLEX Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Advice for Preparing for the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Advice for Test Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Hints for Using This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Contact the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Study and Exam Preparation Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Study Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exam Prep Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Read the Question Carefully . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Look for Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Watch for Specific Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Eliminate Options That Are Clearly Wrong or Incorrect . . . . . . 11
Look for Similar Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Look for Opposite Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Part I: Exam Preparation
Chapter 1: Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Three Areas of Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
How Nurses Work with Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Time-released Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Administering Medications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
The Seven Rights of Administering Medication . . . . . . . . 18
Understanding and Identifying the Various Drugs . . . . . . . . . 19
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . 19
Beta Adrenergic Blockers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Anti-Infectives (Aminoglycosides) . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Benzodiazepines (Anticonvulsants/Antianxiety). . . . . . . . 23
Phenothiazines (Antipsychotic/Antiemetic) . . . . . . . . . 24
Glucocorticoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Antivirals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Cholesterol-Lowering Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Histamine 2 Antagonists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Proton Pump Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Anticoagulants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
More Drug Identification Helpers . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Herbals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Drug Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Pregnancy Categories for Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chapter 2: Fluid and Electrolyte and Acid/Base Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Total Body Water Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Management of the Client with Imbalances in Fluid and Electrolytes . . . . . 43
Types of Intravenous Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
How the Body Regulates Electrolytes. . . . . . . . . . 44
How the Body Regulates pH . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Pharmacological Agents Used in the Treatment of Clients with Alterations in Fluids and Electrolytes. . . . . . . . . . 60
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Chapter 3: Care of the Client with Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Diagnosing the Client with Hypertension . . . . . . . . . 69
Managing the Client with Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . 69
Coronary Artery Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Conduction System of the Heart. . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Heart Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Cardiac Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Reading an Electrocardiogram. . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Cardiac Dysrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Ventricular Tachycardia. . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Ventricular Fibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Internal Pacemaker/Internal Cardiac Defibrillators . . . . . . . 79
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Angina Pectoris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Management of a Client with Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . 82
Aneurysms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Inflammatory Diseases of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Infective Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Pericarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Peripheral Vascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Varicose Veins/Thrombophlebitis . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Raynaud’s Phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Buerger’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Key Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Pharmacological Agents Used in the Treatment of Clients with Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Chapter 4: Care of the Client with Endocrine Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Pituitary Gland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Hypopituitarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Hyperpituitarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary Gland . . . . . . . . . 107
Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Hyperthyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Parathyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Hypoparathyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Hyperparathyroidism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Hyperglycemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Hypoglycemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Managing Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia. . . . . . . . 117
Adrenal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Adrenal Gland Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Pharmacological Agents Used to Treat Clients with Endocrine Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Chapter 5: Care of the Client with Respiratory Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . 133
Noninfectious Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract . . . . . . . 133
Chronic Bronchitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Emphysema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Asthma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Pleurisy (Pleuritis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Pulmonary Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Interstitial Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Sarcoidosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Pulmonary Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Occupational Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Infectious Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract. . . . . . . . 142
Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Life-Threatening Pulmonary Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . 148
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . 148
Pulmonary Embolus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Pneumothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Hemothorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Emerging Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
SARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Legionnaires’ Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Disorders of the Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . 159
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Chapter 6: Care of the Client with Genitourinary Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Renal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Acute Glomerulonephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Chronic Glomerulonephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Goodpasture’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Nephrotic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Polycystic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Hydronephrosis/Hydroureteronephrosis . . . . . . . . . 173
Pyelonephritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Acute and Chronic Renal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Chronic Renal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Peritoneal Dialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Hemodialysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. . . . . . . . . 179
Renal Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Urinary Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Cystitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Urinary Incontinence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Urolithiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Genitourinary Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Prostatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Erectile Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Epididymitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Priapism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Pharmacologic Agents for the Client with Genitourinary Disorders. . . . 192
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Chapter 7: Care of the Client with Integumentary Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Common Infections of the Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . 201
Viral Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Fungal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Bacterial Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Psoriasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Pressure Ulcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Burn Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Burn Measurement with TBSA . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Nursing Care for Burn Victims . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Integumentary Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Chapter 8: Care of the Client with Sensory Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Disorders of the Eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Intraocular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Uveitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Corneal Dystrophy and Corneal Transplantation . . . . . . . . 228
Retinal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Refractory Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Traumatic Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Ocular Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Disorders of the Ears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Otitis Externa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Otitis Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Mastoiditis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Ménière’s Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Acoustic Neuroma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Otosclerosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Presbycusis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Ear Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Assisting Clients with Hearing Loss . . . . . . . . . . 239
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Disorders of the Eyes and Ears . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Chapter 9: Care of the Client with Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . 249
Peptic Ulcer Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Types of Ulcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Diagnosis of Ulcers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Treatment of Ulcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Inflammatory Bowel Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Crohn’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Ulcerative Colitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Management of the Client with Inflammatory Bowel Disease . . . . . 256
Diverticular Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Management of the Client with Diverticulitis . . . . . . . . 257
Hemorrhoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Appendicitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Peritonitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Intestinal Obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Esophageal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
GERD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Hiatal Hernia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Diseases Associated with the Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Hepatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Acute Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Diagnosis of Pancreatitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Treatment of Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Symptoms of Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis . . . . . . . . 280
Diagnosis of Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis . . . . . . . . . 280
Treatment of Cholecystitis . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Treatment of Cholethiasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Clostridium Difficile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Food-Borne Illnesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System. . . . . . . . . 287
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Chapter 10: Care of the Client with Hematological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Anemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Pernicious Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Aplastic Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Sickle Cell Anemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Iron Deficiency Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Thalassemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Polycythemia Vera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Hemophilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Transfusion Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Pharmacological Agents Used in Hematological Disorders . . . . . 310
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Chapter 11; Care of the Client with Disorders of the Neurological System. . . . . . . . 315
Neurological Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Cranial Nerve Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Glasgow Coma Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Intracranial Pressure Monitors. . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Brain Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Epidural Hematomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Subdural Hematoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Intracerebral Hematomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Treatment of Hematomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Increased Intracranial Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Treatment of Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Care of the Client with Intracranial Surgery (Craniotomy) . . . . . . . 328
Cerebrovascular Accident/Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Hemorrhagic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Types of Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Treatment of Seizure Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Meningitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Autoimmune Neurological Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . 344
Multiple Sclerosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Myasthenia Gravis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Guillain-Barré. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Degenerative Neurological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Cranial Nerve Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Bell’s Palsy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Spinal Cord Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries. . . . . . . . . . . 351
Potential Complications with SCI Clients . . . . . . . . . 352
Intervertebral Disk Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of Clients with Neurological Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Chapter 12: Care of the Client with Immunological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Immunodeficiency Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Diagnoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
HIV Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Standard Precautions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Airborne Transmission–Based Precautions (Second Tier of CDC Guidelines for Infection Control) . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Droplet Transmission–Based Precautions (Second Tier of CDC Guidelines for Infection Control) . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Contact Transmission–Based Precautions (Second Tier of CDC Guidelines for Infection Control) . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Treatments After Occupational Exposure. . . . . . . . . 375
Management of the Client with HIV . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Immunologic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Chapter 13: Care of the Client with Neoplastic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 389
American Cancer Society’s Seven Warning Signs of Cancer. . . . . . . 389
The Four Major Categories of Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . 390
Risk Factors for Specific Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Cancer Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Major Types of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Colorectal Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Lung Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Other Major Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
General Interventions for Clients with Cancer . . . . . . . . . 411
Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Chemotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Total Parenteral Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Neoplastic-Associated Disorders and Emergencies . . . . . . . . 416
Bone Marrow and Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation . . . . . . . 417
Types of Transplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Nursing Care After Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . 418
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Pharmacologic Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Specific Neoplastic Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Chapter 14: Care of the Client with Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders . . . . . 435
Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Major Fracture Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
General Treatment for Fractures. . . . . . . . . . . 438
Common Complications Associated with Fractures . . . . . . . 442
Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis. . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Treatment of the Client with Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . 447
Fibromyalgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Ankylosing Spondylitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Gout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Rheumatoid Arthritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Lupus Erythematosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Musculoskeletal Surgical Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Fractured Hip and Hip Replacement . . . . . . . . . . 454
Total Knee Replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Amputations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Pharmacologic Agents Used in Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Chapter 15: Care of the Childbearing Client and the Neonatal Client . . . . . . . . . 471
Prenatal Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Signs of Pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Prenatal Diet and Weight Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . 472
Measuring Fetal Heart Tones. . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Measuring Fundal Height. . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Prelabor Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Intrapartal Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Stages of Labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Important Terms You Should Know . . . . . . . . . . 477
Complications Associated with Pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . 478
Cardiac Disease During Pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . 478
Diabetes in Pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Preeclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Ectopic Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Hydatidiform Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Incompetent Cervix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Types of Abortions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Placenta Previa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Abruptio Placenta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Complications Associated with Labor and Delivery . . . . . . . . 486
Fetal Malpresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Post-term Labor and Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Precipitate Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Cord Prolapse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Cesarean Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Assisted Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Fetal Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Pharmacologic Management of Labor . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Postpartum Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Newborn Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Terms Associated with the Normal Newborn . . . . . . . . 494
Rh Incompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Women’s Health Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Menopause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Maternal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Methods of Contraception . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Obstetric Client . . . . 504
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Chapter 16: Care of the Pediatric Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Growth and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Infant (28 Days to 1 Year). . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Toddler (1–3 Years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Preschooler (3–5 Years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
School Age (6–12 Years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Adolescence (12–18 Years) . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Caring for the Child with Respiratory Disorders . . . . . . . . . 516
Upper Airway Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Lower Airway Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Long-Term Respiratory Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis) . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Caring for the Child with Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . . . . . 525
Disorders of Motility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Structural Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Obstructive Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Inflammatory and Parasitic Disorders. . . . . . . . . . 532
Malabsorptive/Metabolic Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . 533
Ingestion of Hazardous Substances . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Caring for the Child with Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . . . . . 537
Congenital Heart Defects. . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Acquired Heart Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Caring for the Child with Genitourinary Disorders. . . . . . . . 548
Obstructive Uropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
External Defects (Hypospadias, Epispadias, Exstrophy of the Bladder). . . 549
Hypospadias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Epispadias/Exstrophy of the Bladder . . . . . . . . . . 550
Caring for the Child with Neoplastic Disorders. . . . . . . . . 551
Leukemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Wilms’ Tumor (Nephroblastoma) . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Retinoblastoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Neuroblastoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Osteosarcoma and Ewing’s Sarcoma . . . . . . . . . . 552
Rhabdomyosarcoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Surviving Childhood Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Caring for the Child with Cerebral Disorders . . . . . . . . . 554
Intracranial Infections (Encephalitis and Bacterial Meningitis) . . . . . 554
Reye’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Caring for the Child with Integumentary Disorders . . . . . . . . 556
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Scabies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Pediculosis Capitis (Head Lice) . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Lyme Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Caring for the Child with Communicable Disease. . . . . . . . . 559
Caring for the Child with Musculoskeletal Disorders . . . . . . . . 561
Congenital Clubfoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Developmental Hip Dysplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Osteogenesis Imperfecta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (Coxa Plana) . . . . . . . . . 563
Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis) . . . . . 564
Caring for the Child with Neuromuscular Disorders . . . . . . . . 565
Cerebral Palsy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Neural Tube Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
Spina Bifida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
Muscular Dystrophies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Caring for the Abused and Neglected Child . . . . . . . . . . 568
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of Pediatric Clients . . . . . 572
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Chapter 17: Care of the Client with Psychiatric Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Anxiety-related Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Generalized Anxiety Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Dissociative Identity Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Somatoform Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Panic Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Phobic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Personality Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Cluster A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Cluster B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Cluster C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Managing Clients with Personality Disorders . . . . . . . . 584
Psychotic Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Bipolar Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Substance Abuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Alcoholism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Chemical Dependence. . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Psychological Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence . . . . . . . 594
Autistic Spectrum Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Conduct Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Oppositional Defiant Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder . . . . . . . . . . 596
Eating Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Psychiatric Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Chapter 18: Emergency Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
The ABCDs of Emergency Care. . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Airway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Breathing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Deficits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Obtaining Client Information . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Head Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Chest Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Abdominal Injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Documenting and Protecting Forensic Evidence . . . . . . . . 617
Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Poisonous Stings and Bites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Bioterrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Chemical and Biological Agents . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Nuclear Warfare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Triage Categories for Disaster Victims . . . . . . . . . . 623
Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Pharmacological Agents Commonly Used in ER Treatment . . . . . 625
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Chapter 19: Legal Issues in Nursing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Types of Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Statutory Laws/Regulatory Laws. . . . . . . . . . . 632
Civil Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Criminal Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Common Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Code of Ethical Behavior in Nursing Practice . . . . . . . . . 633
Legal Theories That Affect Nursing Practice . . . . . . . . . . 634
Negligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Malpractice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Witnessing Consent for Care. . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Tort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Assault and Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Managing Client Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Key Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Chapter 20: Cultural Practices Influencing Nursing Care . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Cultural Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Understanding Client Beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Working with Clients Who Speak Different Languages . . . . . . 646
Healthcare of Hispanics/Latinos . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Time Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication. . . . . . . . . 648
Childbirth and Pain Response . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Healthcare of Native Americans and Alaskan Natives . . . . . . . . 649
Time Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication. . . . . . . . . 650
Childbirth and Pain Response . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Healthcare of Asian-Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Time Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication. . . . . . . . . 651
Childbirth and Pain Response . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Healthcare of Arab-Americans. . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Time Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication. . . . . . . . . 653
Childbirth and Pain Response . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Nursing Plan Dietary Considerations Across Cultures . . . . . . . . 653
Religious Beliefs and Refusal of Care Considerations . . . . . . . . 655
Key Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Part II: Final Review
Fast Facts
The NCLEX PN Exam Prep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Practice Exam I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Practice Exam II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Practice Exam III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Practice Exam IV: Management and Alternative Item Exam Questions. . . . . . . . . . 781
Answers to Practice Exam I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Answers to Practice Exam II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
Answers to Practice Exam III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Answers to Practice Exam IV: Management and Alternative Item Exam Questions. . . . . . . . . . 875
Part III: Appendixes
Appendix A: Things You Forgot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Appendix B; Need to Know More?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
Appendix C: Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
Appendix D; Commonly-Prescribed Medications in the United States. . . . . . . . . 905
9780789753137, TOC, 11/5/2014
