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NCLEX-RN Exam Cram, 5th Edition

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NCLEX-RN Exam Cram, 5th Edition

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Description

  • Copyright 2017
  • Dimensions: 7" x 9-1/8"
  • Pages: 672
  • Edition: 5th
  • eBook (Watermarked)
  • ISBN-10: 0-13-449323-0
  • ISBN-13: 978-0-13-449323-7

 The book offers a quick ‘cram’ approach to the NCLEX that is very user-friendly and not time-intensive. The overall approach is very learner-centered and the content is well-paced.” –Catherine Dearman, R.N., Ph.D.

 

Covers exactly what you need to know to score higher on your NCLEX-RN® exam


  • 500+ sample test questions help you gain confidence and decide when you’re ready to take the actual exam
  • Includes the popular Cram Sheet tearcard to help you remember key concepts and do extra last-minute studying Exam Alerts identify important information found on the exam
  • Simplifies key medication aide concepts and techniques for easy learning


Covers the critical information you’ll need to know to score higher on your NCLEX-RN exam!


  • Discover how the NCLEX-RN exam works, and how best to prepare for it
  •  Understand essential disease processes, treatments, and diagnostic studies

  • Care for clients with respiratory, genitourinary, hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, endocrine, cardiovascular, neurological, and many other disorders
  • Serve maternal, infant, and pediatric clients


Provide compassionate and effective emergency and psychiatric care


  • Consider cultural, religious, and legal concerns associated with client care
  • Review all stages of the nursing process: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation
  • Address client needs for a safe, effective-care environment; health promotion and maintenance; and psychosocial and physiological integrity


Sample Content

Table of Contents

 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

     Welcome to the NCLEX-RN® Exam Cram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

     Taking the Computerized Adaptive Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

     The Cost of the Exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

     How to Prepare for the Exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

     How to Use This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

     Contact the Nursing Board in Your Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

     About the Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

     Contact the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

     Self-Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

     Testing Your Exam Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

 Chapter 1: Preparing for the National Council Exam for Registered Nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

     Preparing for the Exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

         The CAT Exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

     Testing Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

     Read the Question Carefully. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

         Look for Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

         Watch for Specific Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

         Eliminate Options That Are Clearly Wrong or Incorrect. . . . . . . . . . . . 11

         Look for Similar Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

         Look for Opposite Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

         Remember Legalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

         Remember Infection Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

 Chapter 2: Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

     Three Areas of Pharmacology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

     How Nurses Work with Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

         Time-Released Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

         Administering Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

     The Rights of Administering Medication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

         Understanding and Identifying the Various Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

         Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

         Beta Adrenergic Blockers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

         Anti-Infectives (Aminoglycosides) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

         Benzodiazepines (Anticonvulsants/Antianxiety). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

         Phenothiazines (Antipsychotic/Antiemetic). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

         Glucocorticoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

         Antivirals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

         Cholesterol-Lowering Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

         Angiotensin Receptor Blockers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

         Histamine 2 Antagonists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

         Proton Pump Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

         Anticoagulants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

         More Drug Identification Helpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

     Herbals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

     Drug Schedules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

     Pregnancy Categories for Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

 Chapter 3: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

     Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

         Chronic Bronchitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

         Emphysema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

         Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

     Acute Respiratory Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

         Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

         Pleurisy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

         Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

         Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

     Acute Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

         Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

         Pulmonary Embolus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

     Emerging Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

         Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

         Legionnaire’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

     Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

     Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

 Chapter 4: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Genitourinary System . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

     Acute Glomerulonephritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

     Chronic Glomerulonephritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

     End Stage Renal Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

         Peritoneal Dialysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

         Hemodialysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

         Renal Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

       Nephrotic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

         Urinary Calculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

     Urinary Tract Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

     Genitourinary Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

     Prostatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

     Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

     Bladder Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

     Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

     Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

 Chapter 5: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Hematopoietic System . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

     Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

         Pernicious Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

         Aplastic Anemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

                 Sickle Cell Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

         Iron Deficiency Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

     Cooley’s Anemia (Thalassemia Major) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

     Hemophilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

     Polycythemia Vera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

     Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

     Pharmacology for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

 Chapter 6: Caring for the Client with Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Acid/Base Balance . . 89

     Basic Knowledge of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

     Regulation of pH and Its Effect on Fluid and Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

         How the Body Regulates pH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

     Metabolic Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

         Causes of Metabolic Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

         Symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

         Care of the Client with Metabolic Acidosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

     Respiratory Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

         Causes of Respiratory Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

         Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

         Caring for the Client with Respiratory Acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

     Metabolic Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

         Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

         Symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

         Caring for the Client with Metabolic Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

     Respiratory Alkalosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

         Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

         Care of the Client with Respiratory Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

         Normal Electrolyte Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

         Changes Associated with Aging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

 Chapter 7: Caring for the Client with Burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

     Burn Classifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

         Burn Measurement with TBSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

     Nursing Care for Burn Victims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

         The Resuscitative (Emergent) Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

         The Acute (Intermediate) Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

         Dressings for Burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

         The Rehabilitative Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

     Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

     Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

 Chapter 8: Caring for the Client with Sensorineural Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

     Disorders of the Eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

         Intraocular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

         Retinal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

         Refractive Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

         Traumatic Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

     Visual Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

     Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

     Ear Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

         Otitis Externa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

         Otitis Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

         Meniere’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

         Otosclerosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

         Presbycusis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

         Ear Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

     Assisting Clients with Hearing Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

     Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

     Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

 Chapter 9: Caring for the Client with Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

     Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

         American Cancer Society’s Seven Warning Signs of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . 140

         The Four Major Categories of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

         Risk Factors for Specific Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

         Cancer Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

         Patient Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

     Management of the Client with Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

         Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

         Chemotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

     Bone Marrow and Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation (PSCT) . . . . . . . . . . . 147

         Types of Transplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

         Nursing Care After Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

     Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

         Diagnosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

         Prognosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

         Treatment of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

     Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

     Pharmacology for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

 Chapter 10: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System . . . . . . . . . . . 159

     Ulcers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

         Types of Ulcers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

         Treatment of Ulcers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

     Inflammatory Bowel Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

         Crohn’s Disease (Regional Enteritis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

         Ulcerative Colitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

     Diverticulitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

         Diagnosis of Diverticulitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

         Treatment of Diverticulitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

     Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

     Diseases Associated with the Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

         Hepatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

         Cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

         Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

     Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

         Symptoms of Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

         Diagnosis of Cholecystitis/Cholethiasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

         Treatment of Cholecystitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

         Treatment of Cholethiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

     Clostridium Difficile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

     Food-Borne Illnesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

     Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

     Pharmacology for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

 Chapter 11: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . 187

     Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

         Treating Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

         Compartment Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

         Osteomyelitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

     Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

         Treatment of Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

     Gout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

         Treatment of the Client with Gout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

     Rheumatoid Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

         Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

     Musculoskeletal Surgical Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

         Fractured Hip and Hip Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

         Total Knee Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

         Amputations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

     Assistive Devices for Ambulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

         Crutches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

         Canes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

         Walkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

     Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

     Pharmacology for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

 Chapter 12: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

     The Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

     Pituitary Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

         Tumors of the Pituitary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

     Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

         Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

         Hyperthyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

     Parathyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

         Hypoparathyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

         Hyperparathyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

     Adrenal Gland Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

         Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

         Adrenocortical Hypersecretion (Cushing’s Syndrome) or Cushing’s Disease. . . . . 219

     Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

     Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

     Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

 Chapter 13: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . 229

     Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

         Medications Used to Treat Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

     Heart Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

         Toxicity to Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

         Malfunction of the Conduction System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

     Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

         Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

         Management of Myocardial Infarction Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

     Inflammatory Diseases of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

         Infective Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

         Pericarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

     Buerger’s Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

     Thrombophlebitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

     Raynaud’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

     Aneurysms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

     Congestive Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

         Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

     Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

 Chapter 14: Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Neurological System . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

     Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

         Types of Seizures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

         Treatment of Seizure Clients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

     Status Epilepticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

     Brain Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

         Epidural Hematomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

         Subdural Hematoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

         Treatment of Epidural and Subdural Hematomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

     Increased Intracranial Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

         Treatment of ICP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

     Neurological Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

         Cranial Nerve Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

         Glasgow Coma Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

         Intracranial Pressure Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

     Care of the Client with Intracranial Surgery (Craniotomy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

     Cerebrovascular Accident/Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

     Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

         Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

         Potential Complications with SCI Clients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

     Guillain-Barré . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

         Treating Clients with Guillian-Barré. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

     Degenerative Neurological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

     Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

     Pharmacology for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

 Chapter 15: Caring for the Client with Psychiatric Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

     Anxiety Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

         Generalized Anxiety Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

         Panic Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

         Specific Phobia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

         Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

     Trauma Related Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

         Posttraumatic Stress Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

         Dissociative Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

         Dissociative Identity Disorder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

         Somatic Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

     Personality Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

         Managing Clients with Personality Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

     Psychotic Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

         Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

         Bipolar Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

     Substance Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

         Alcoholism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

         Other Commonly Abused Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

     Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

         Disruptive, Control, and Conduct Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

         Neurodevelopmental Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

         Eating Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

     Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

     Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

 Chapter 16: Caring for the Maternal/Infant Client. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

     Signs of Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

         Presumptive Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

         Probable Signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

         Positive Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

     Prenatal Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

         Prenatal Diet and Weight Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

         Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

         Other Prenatal Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

         Assessing Fetal Heart Tones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

         Ultrasonography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

     Signs of Complications of Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

     Types of Abortions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

     Complications Affecting Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

         Diabetes in Pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

         Preeclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

         Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

         Cord Prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

         Abruptio Placenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

         Placenta Previa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

     Maternal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

     Preterm Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

     Intrapartal Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

         Stages of Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

         Phases of Labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

         Important Terms You Should Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

     Prelabor Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

     Fetal Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

     Pharmacologic Management of Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

     Postpartum Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

     Terms Associated with the Normal Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

     Rh Incompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

     Contraception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

     Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

     Pharmacology Categories for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

     Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

         Answer Rationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

     Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

 Chapter 17: Caring for the Pediatric Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

     Growth and Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

         Infant (28 Days to 1 Year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

       Toddler (1–3 Years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

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Last Update: November 17, 2020