Home > Articles > Microsoft > Other Microsoft

This chapter is from the book

Roundtrip and Postback

Implement navigation for the user interface: Manage data during postback events.

Web applications have a distributed execution model. When a user interacts with a Web form, the browser might respond to some of the user actions by executing client-side scripts while some other actions that require server resources must be sent to the Web server for processing. When server-side processing is involved, a typical interactive user session with a Web form consists of the following steps:

  1. User requests a Web form from the Web server.

  2. Web Server responds back with the requested Web form.

  3. User enters the data and submits the form to the Web server.

  4. Web Server processes the form and sends the result back to the user.

Step 3 is also referred to as a page postback, whereas steps 3 and 4 are collectively referred to as a roundtrip. A roundtrip involves making a complete trip over the network to the Web server and getting the response back.

The Web applications use HTTP to establish communication between the Web browser and the Web server. HTTP is disconnected in nature, which means that the life cycle of a Web page is just a single roundtrip. Every time a Web server responds to a page request, it freshly creates the resources required to create the page, sends the page to the requesting client and destroys the page resources from the server. Between two page requests, Web server and the clients are disconnected with each other, and values of page variables and controls are not preserved across the page requests.

This model of execution allows a Web server to support a large number of clients because each client request occupies the server resources only for a short duration. However, the disconnected nature of HTTP provides a major challenge to the Web developers to implement the following functionality in their applications:

  • Maintain values of controls and variables across page postbacks.

  • Distinguish the initial request of a page from the page postback.

  • Provide smart navigation features similar to that of desktop applications.

ASP.NET provides solutions to these problems built right in to its framework. As an ASP.NET developer, you only need to write a minimum amount of code to achieve these functionalities in your application. From my discussion about server controls in Chapter 2, "Controls," you already know that ASP.NET provides a set of server controls that automatically retain their value across page postbacks. You'll learn how ASP.NET actually retains the state for server controls later in this chapter in a section titled "State Management." For now, I'll talk about two properties of the Page class—IsPostBack and SmartNavigation—that provide the other two functionalities from the previous list.

The IsPostBack Property

The IsPostBack property of the Page class returns true when a page is being loaded in response to a client postback. If the page is being requested for the first time, the value of the IsPostBack property is false.

A typical case in which you would like to make use of this distinction is when you do not want the server to execute some costly initialization operations for each page postback. Instead, you would like the initializations to be performed only with the first request to the page.

Step by Step 3.1 helps you understand roundtrip and postback operations and demonstrates the use of the IsPostBack property.

STEP BY STEP

3.1 Using the IsPostBack Property

  1. Create a new Visual C# ASP.NET Web application project. Name the project 315C03.

  2. Add a new Web form to the project. Name the Web form StepByStep3_1.aspx. Change the pageLayout property of the DOCUMENT element to FlowLayout.

  3. Add a DropDownList Web server control (ddlCategories) to the form. Set its AutoPostBack to true and TabIndex to 1 (see Figure 3.1).

  4. Add a Label control (lblQuestion) to the Web form.

  5. Add a TextBox control (txtTitle) and set its AutoPostBack to true and TabIndex to 2. Add another TextBox (txtMessage) and set its TabIndex to 3 and TextMode to MultiLine (see Figure 3.1).

  6. Add a Button control (btnPost) and set its Text to Post a message. Place a Label control (lblWeblog) at the end of the form as shown in Figure 3.1.

  7. Figure3.1Figure 3.1 The design of a form that allows you to post messages to a Weblog.

  8. Switch to the code view of the Web form and add the following code to the Page_Load() event handler:

  9. private void Page_Load(
      object sender, System.EventArgs e)
    {
      if (!Page.IsPostBack)
      {
        // If page is requested for the first time
        ddlCategories.Items.Add("Web development");
        ddlCategories.Items.Add(
          "Programming Languages");
        ddlCategories.Items.Add("Certifications");
      }
      else
      {
        // On postback, change the case of 
        // the textbox's text
        txtTitle.Text = txtTitle.Text.ToUpper();
      }
      // Set the text of the label control 
      // on each page load
      lblQuestion.Text = 
       "What do you want to write about "
       + ddlCategories.SelectedItem.Text + " today?";
    }
  10. Attach the following event handler to the Click event of the Post button:

  11. private void btnPost_Click(
       object sender, System.EventArgs e)
    {
      // Format the data entered by the user and
      // append it to the existing contents of lblWeblog
      lblWeblog.Text = "<b>" + 
           ddlCategories.SelectedItem.Text
           + " :: " + txtTitle.Text + "</b> (" 
           + DateTime.Now.ToString() + ")<hr>" 
           + txtMessage.Text + "<p>" 
           + lblWeblog.Text + "</p>";
    }
  12. Set StepByStep3_1.aspx as the start page in the project.

  13. Run the project. Use the Tab key to navigate between various fields and publish a few entries to the Weblog as shown in Figure 3.2.

Figure3.2Figure 3.2 The Web form retains state for both postback as well as non-postback controls.

In Step by Step 3.1, I am using the event handler for the Load event of the Page class to check if the page is loaded by a postback operation. If that is the case, I skip executing the code for adding items to the drop-down list.

You also note that the navigation between controls is not smooth. When the form returns after a postback, it does not remember the active control. However, you have a solution to this problem with the help of the SmartNavigation property.

The SmartNavigation Property

ASP.NET has a feature called smart navigation that can greatly enhance the user experience of a Web page for users of Internet Explorer 5.0 or higher browsers. The following list summarizes the enhancements provided by smart navigation:

  • Persists element focus between postbacks—When a postback occurs, the active control on the Web page loses its focus. Anyone using a keyboard for navigation will have to press the Tab key several times to return to their original position of data entry. However, when smart navigation is enabled, the information about the active control is persisted between postbacks to the server.

  • Persists scroll position between postbacks—When a postback occurs, the browser loses the record of the scroll position of the page. This can be especially annoying in the case of large data entry forms because after postback, the form will be positioned at the beginning and user has to scroll down to find her last data entry position. However, when smart navigation is enabled, the information about the scroll position persists between postbacks to the server.

  • Eliminates page flash caused by page postback—When users navigate from one page to another, the old page is destroyed and the new one is created on a blank screen. Depending on the user's video card and display setting, this operation can cause a small flash to occur. This flash is especially noticeable during page postback operations in which the visual contents of the page do not change significantly between the two page requests. When smart navigation is enabled, ASP.NET uses a technique called double buffering to eliminate this flash.

  • Prevents each postback from being saved in the browser history—Normally, every postback to an ASP.NET page causes an entry to be created in the browser's history. This defeats the purpose of the browser's back button because instead of going back to the previous page, users are taken to the previous state of the current page. Smart navigation prevents this from happening by saving only the latest state of the current page in the browser's history.

Smart navigation is specified by the SmartNavigation property of the Page class. The default value of this property is false, which disables smart navigation for the Web form.

Smart Navigation

Smart navigation is only supported in Internet Explorer 5.0 or later browsers. Therefore, when you are targeting an application for a generic browser, this feature won't be very helpful.

In most cases, you should not set the SmartNavigation property directly in the code. Instead, you should use the SmartNavigation attribute of the Page directive. Using the SmartNavigation attribute of the Page directive automatically generates the correct code for setting the SmartNavigation property of the Page class, when the Web form is compiled to create a Page derived class.

Step by Step 3.2 enhances the Web form created in Step by Step 3.1 to use the smart navigation feature.

STEP BY STEP

3.2 Using the Smart Navigation Feature of ASP.NET

  1. Make a copy of StepByStep3_1 and save it as StepByStep3_2. Make sure that you change all references of StepByStep3_1 to StepByStep3_2 in both the ASPX as well as the CS file.

  2. Switch to the HTML view of the StepByStep3_2.aspx file and modify the Page directive to the following:

  3. <%@ Page language="c#" 
         Codebehind="StepByStep3_2.aspx.cs" 
         AutoEventWireup="false" 
         Inherits="_315C03.StepByStep3_2" 
         SmartNavigation="true"
    %>
  4. Set StepByStep3_2.aspx as the start page. Build the project and Browse to StepByStep3_2.aspx using Internet Explorer 5.0 or higher.

  5. Use the Tab key to navigate between various fields, publish a few messages, and observe the enhancements because of the smart navigation feature.

In a corporate scenario in which you are sure about the browsers used by the users, you might want to turn on smart navigation for the complete Web application instead of individual files. In that case, you can make the following changes to the web.config file:

<configuration> 
   <system.web> 
     <pages SmartNavigation="true"/> 
   </system.web> 
</configuration> 

Pearson IT Certification Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from Pearson IT Certification and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about Pearson IT Certification products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites; develop new products and services; conduct educational research; and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by Adobe Press. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.pearsonitcertification.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020